Shifting Responsibility Strategies: Apology in Saudi Arabia
Résumé
لقد فحص هذا البحث طرق الاعتذار عند 370 من طلاب وطالبات المرحلة الجامعية في المملكة العربية السعودية الذين اختيروا من جامعات في خمس مناطق مختلفة؛ لتحديد أنواع الاستراتيجيات المتسلسلة التي توظف في معظم الأحيان عند الاعتذار. اعتمدت الدراسة على ملاحظة التنوع المجتمعي ونسخة من فحص إنجاز الخطاب "DCT "، كتبت بالفصحى المعاصرة وتضمنت افتراض 12 حالة يقع فيها الطالب أو الطالبة أمام أشخاص تختلف مكانتهم الاجتماعية. وكشفت النتائج لكلا الطريقتين أن الثقافة السائدة في المملكة العربية السعودية عند تقديم الاعتذار هي إما تحويل المسؤولية أو عدم ربطها بالمخطئ؛ فالسعوديون لا يحبذون الاعتذار المباشر
We examined the apologies of 370 Saudi Arabian undergraduate students proportionally selected from the five regional universities of the Kingdom to determine the types and sequencing of strategies they used most often to apologize. The study relied on ethnographic observation and a version of the Discourse Completion Test “DCT,” written in Standard Arabic, that contained 12 hypothetical situations in which a student had committed violations involving people of different social parameters. The results revealed that apologies in Saudi Arabian culture typically shift responsibility away from the offender as Saudis do not like to apologize outright.
Références
Afghari, Akbar, 2007. A sociopragmatic study of apology speech act realization patterns in Persian. Speech Communication 49, 177-185.
Aijmer, Karin, 1996. Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity. Longman, London.
Al-Fattah, Mohamed Hassan, 2010. Apology strategies of Yemeni EFL University Students. MJAL 2: 3 March, 2010.
Al-Zumor, Abdul Wahid, 2010. Apologies in Arabic and English: An inter-language and cross-cultural study. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation 23, 19-28.
Austin, John L, 1962, How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, Dörnyei, Zoltan, 1998. Do Language Learners recognize Pragmatic versus Grammatical Awareness in Instructed L2 Learning? TESOL Quarterly 32 (2), 233-262.
Bataineh, Ruba Fahmi, Bataineh, Rula Fahmi, 2006. Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 1901-1927.
Bataineh, Ruba Fahmi, Bataineh, Rula Fahmi, 2008. A cross-cultural comparison of apologies by native speakers of American English and Jordanian Arabic. Journal of Pragmatics 40 (4), 792-821.
Bergman, Marg L, Kasper, Gabriele, 1993. Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology. G. Kasper and S. Blum-Kulka, eds., Interlanguage Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 82-107.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana , House, Juliane, Kasper, Gabriele, 1989. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Bonikowska, 1988. The choice of opting out. Applied Linguistics, 9 (2), 169-181.
Cohen, Andrew, Olshtain, Elite, 1981, Developing a measure of socio-cultural competence: The Case of Apologies. Language Learning 31 (1), 13-194.
Coulmas, Florian, 1981. Conversational Routine. The Hague, Mouton.
Demeter, Gustav, 2000. A pragmatic study of Apology strategies in Romanian. North University, Baia Mare, Romania. Wwwdigital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate.pdf
Deutschmann, Mats, 2003. Apologizing in British English. Tryckt av Print, Umea University.
Edmondson, Willis, J., Kasper, G., Stemmer, B. (eds.), 1984. Learning the pragmatics of discourse: a project report. Applied Linguistics 5, 113-127.
Félix-Bradsdefer, César, 2008. Politeness in Mexico and the United States. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Fraser, Buce, 1980. On Apologizing. In F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routines. Mouton de Gruyter, the Hague, pp. 273-288.
Frescura, Marina, 1993. A sociolinguistic comparison of "reactions to complaints": Italian L1 vs. English L1, Italian L2, and Italian as a community language. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto (cited in Holmes, 1990).
García, Carmen, 1989. Apologizing in English: Politeness strategies used by native and nonnative speakers. Multilingua, 8, 3-20.
Goffman, Erving, 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Golato, Andrea, 2002. German Compliment Responses. Journal of Pragmatics 34 (5), 547-571.
Gooder, Haydie, Jacobs, Jane M., 2000. On the border of the unsayable: the apology in postcolonizing Australia. Interventions 2, 229-247.
Green, G. M, 1975. How to get people to do things with words. In P. Cole and J. Morgan eds. Syntax and Semantics. Academic Press, New York.
Holmes, Janet, 1990. Apologies in New Zealand English. Language in Society 19, 155-199.
House, Juliane, 1989. Politeness in English and German: The Functions of Please and Bitte. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 96-119.
Ide, Risako, 1998. Sorry for your kindness: Japanese interactional ritual in public discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 36, 921-924.
Jebahi, Khaled, 2011. Tunisian university students’ choice of apology strategies in a discourse completion task. Journal of Pragmatics 43, 648-662.
Kasper, Gabriele, 1989. Variation in interlanguage speech act realization. In: Glass, S., Madden, C. G., Preston, D., Selinker, L. (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Discourse and Pragmatics. Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 37-61.
Kasper, Gabriele, 2000. Data collection in pragmatics research. In H. Spencery-Oatey ed. Culturally Speaking. Managing Rapport Through Talk across Cultures. Continuum, London and New York, pp. 316-341.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine, 2001. Speech acts in discourse. Theories and operation. Paris: Nathan. Nathan Universities.
Kim, Heesoo, 2008. The semantic and pragmatic analysis of South Korean and Australian English apologetic speech acts. Journal of pragmatics 40 (2), 257-278.
Lee, Vicky, 2012. The Cantonese apology style for personal offences in native and second languages in electronic communication. Journal of Intercultural Communication 18, 2012.
Leech, Geoffrey, 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London, New York: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen, 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Márquez Reiter Rosina, 2000. Linguistic politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A contrastive analysis of requests and apologies. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.
Meier, Ardith J, 1998. Apologies: What do we know? International Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, 215-231.
Norrick, Neal R., 1978. Expressive Illocutionary Acts. Journal of Pragmatics 2, 277-291.
Nureddeen, Fatima Abdurahman, 2008. Cross cultural pragmatics: Apology strategies in Sudanese. Journal of Pragmatics 40, 279-306.
Obeng, Samuel G, 1999. Apologies in Akan discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 31, 709-734.
Olshtain, Elite, 1989. Apologies across languages. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 155-174.
Owen, Marion, 1983. Apologies and Remedial Exchanges. A Study of Language Use in Social Interaction. Mouton, Berlin.
Rintell, Ellen, Mitchell, Candace L, 1989. Studying requests and apologies: An inquiry into method. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Riyad, Al- Hussein, Mamoun Hammouri, 1998. Strategies of Apology in Jordanian Arabic and American English. Grazer Linguistische Studien 49, Frühjahr 1998.
Rose, Kenneth, 1994. On the validity of Discourse Completion Tests in non-western contexts. Applied Linguistics 15, 1-14.
Searle, John R, 1977. A Classification of Illocutionary Acts. In P. Cole and J. Morgan eds. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, pp. 59-82.
Shariati, Mohammad, Chamani Fariba, 2010. Apology Strategies in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics 42 (2010), 1689-1699.
Suszczyńska, Malgorzata, 1999. Apologizing in English, Polish and Hungarian: different languages, different strategies. Journal of Pragmatics 31, 1053-1065.
Trosborg, Anna, 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Vollmer, Helmut J, Olshtain, Elite, 1989. The language of apologies in German. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Wierzbicka, Anna, 1985. Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts. Journal of Pragmatics 9, 145-178.
Wolfson, Nessa, Thomas, Marmor, Jones, Steve, 1989, Problems in the comparison of speech acts across cultures. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Wouk, Fay, 2006. The language of apologizing in Lombok, Indonesia. Journal of Pragmatics 38 (9), 1457-1486.
Yule, George, 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Aijmer, Karin, 1996. Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity. Longman, London.
Al-Fattah, Mohamed Hassan, 2010. Apology strategies of Yemeni EFL University Students. MJAL 2: 3 March, 2010.
Al-Zumor, Abdul Wahid, 2010. Apologies in Arabic and English: An inter-language and cross-cultural study. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation 23, 19-28.
Austin, John L, 1962, How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, Dörnyei, Zoltan, 1998. Do Language Learners recognize Pragmatic versus Grammatical Awareness in Instructed L2 Learning? TESOL Quarterly 32 (2), 233-262.
Bataineh, Ruba Fahmi, Bataineh, Rula Fahmi, 2006. Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 1901-1927.
Bataineh, Ruba Fahmi, Bataineh, Rula Fahmi, 2008. A cross-cultural comparison of apologies by native speakers of American English and Jordanian Arabic. Journal of Pragmatics 40 (4), 792-821.
Bergman, Marg L, Kasper, Gabriele, 1993. Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology. G. Kasper and S. Blum-Kulka, eds., Interlanguage Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 82-107.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana , House, Juliane, Kasper, Gabriele, 1989. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Bonikowska, 1988. The choice of opting out. Applied Linguistics, 9 (2), 169-181.
Cohen, Andrew, Olshtain, Elite, 1981, Developing a measure of socio-cultural competence: The Case of Apologies. Language Learning 31 (1), 13-194.
Coulmas, Florian, 1981. Conversational Routine. The Hague, Mouton.
Demeter, Gustav, 2000. A pragmatic study of Apology strategies in Romanian. North University, Baia Mare, Romania. Wwwdigital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate.pdf
Deutschmann, Mats, 2003. Apologizing in British English. Tryckt av Print, Umea University.
Edmondson, Willis, J., Kasper, G., Stemmer, B. (eds.), 1984. Learning the pragmatics of discourse: a project report. Applied Linguistics 5, 113-127.
Félix-Bradsdefer, César, 2008. Politeness in Mexico and the United States. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Fraser, Buce, 1980. On Apologizing. In F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routines. Mouton de Gruyter, the Hague, pp. 273-288.
Frescura, Marina, 1993. A sociolinguistic comparison of "reactions to complaints": Italian L1 vs. English L1, Italian L2, and Italian as a community language. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto (cited in Holmes, 1990).
García, Carmen, 1989. Apologizing in English: Politeness strategies used by native and nonnative speakers. Multilingua, 8, 3-20.
Goffman, Erving, 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Golato, Andrea, 2002. German Compliment Responses. Journal of Pragmatics 34 (5), 547-571.
Gooder, Haydie, Jacobs, Jane M., 2000. On the border of the unsayable: the apology in postcolonizing Australia. Interventions 2, 229-247.
Green, G. M, 1975. How to get people to do things with words. In P. Cole and J. Morgan eds. Syntax and Semantics. Academic Press, New York.
Holmes, Janet, 1990. Apologies in New Zealand English. Language in Society 19, 155-199.
House, Juliane, 1989. Politeness in English and German: The Functions of Please and Bitte. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 96-119.
Ide, Risako, 1998. Sorry for your kindness: Japanese interactional ritual in public discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 36, 921-924.
Jebahi, Khaled, 2011. Tunisian university students’ choice of apology strategies in a discourse completion task. Journal of Pragmatics 43, 648-662.
Kasper, Gabriele, 1989. Variation in interlanguage speech act realization. In: Glass, S., Madden, C. G., Preston, D., Selinker, L. (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Discourse and Pragmatics. Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 37-61.
Kasper, Gabriele, 2000. Data collection in pragmatics research. In H. Spencery-Oatey ed. Culturally Speaking. Managing Rapport Through Talk across Cultures. Continuum, London and New York, pp. 316-341.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine, 2001. Speech acts in discourse. Theories and operation. Paris: Nathan. Nathan Universities.
Kim, Heesoo, 2008. The semantic and pragmatic analysis of South Korean and Australian English apologetic speech acts. Journal of pragmatics 40 (2), 257-278.
Lee, Vicky, 2012. The Cantonese apology style for personal offences in native and second languages in electronic communication. Journal of Intercultural Communication 18, 2012.
Leech, Geoffrey, 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London, New York: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen, 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Márquez Reiter Rosina, 2000. Linguistic politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A contrastive analysis of requests and apologies. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.
Meier, Ardith J, 1998. Apologies: What do we know? International Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, 215-231.
Norrick, Neal R., 1978. Expressive Illocutionary Acts. Journal of Pragmatics 2, 277-291.
Nureddeen, Fatima Abdurahman, 2008. Cross cultural pragmatics: Apology strategies in Sudanese. Journal of Pragmatics 40, 279-306.
Obeng, Samuel G, 1999. Apologies in Akan discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 31, 709-734.
Olshtain, Elite, 1989. Apologies across languages. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 155-174.
Owen, Marion, 1983. Apologies and Remedial Exchanges. A Study of Language Use in Social Interaction. Mouton, Berlin.
Rintell, Ellen, Mitchell, Candace L, 1989. Studying requests and apologies: An inquiry into method. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Riyad, Al- Hussein, Mamoun Hammouri, 1998. Strategies of Apology in Jordanian Arabic and American English. Grazer Linguistische Studien 49, Frühjahr 1998.
Rose, Kenneth, 1994. On the validity of Discourse Completion Tests in non-western contexts. Applied Linguistics 15, 1-14.
Searle, John R, 1977. A Classification of Illocutionary Acts. In P. Cole and J. Morgan eds. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, pp. 59-82.
Shariati, Mohammad, Chamani Fariba, 2010. Apology Strategies in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics 42 (2010), 1689-1699.
Suszczyńska, Malgorzata, 1999. Apologizing in English, Polish and Hungarian: different languages, different strategies. Journal of Pragmatics 31, 1053-1065.
Trosborg, Anna, 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Vollmer, Helmut J, Olshtain, Elite, 1989. The language of apologies in German. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Wierzbicka, Anna, 1985. Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts. Journal of Pragmatics 9, 145-178.
Wolfson, Nessa, Thomas, Marmor, Jones, Steve, 1989, Problems in the comparison of speech acts across cultures. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House and G. Kasper eds. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
Wouk, Fay, 2006. The language of apologizing in Lombok, Indonesia. Journal of Pragmatics 38 (9), 1457-1486.
Yule, George, 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Comment citer
صوري يالله, محمد; مسعد اللهيبي, فهد.
Shifting Responsibility Strategies: Apology in Saudi Arabia.
Revues faculté des lettres et des langues, [S.l.], n. 14-15, nov. 2014.
ISSN 1112-6434.
Disponible à l'adresse : >https://revues.univ-biskra.dz/index.php/fll/article/view/1077>. Date de consultation : 22 déc. 2024
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